A Generalization of the GMANOVA-Model

It is shown that in some experimental designs the MANOVA- and the GMANOVA-model are too restrictive either to yield all hypothesis tests of interest or to reflect all known features of the design. An extension of these models is derived by relating the response vectors with the unknown model parameters by linear equations which may be completely different for each of the p components of the response vector and for each of the n independent vectors. For situations, in which a Wishart-distributed estimator for the underlying common covariance matrix is attainable, a test for any s-dimensional linear hypothesis on the model parameters is derived.     

pH dependence of magnesium ion binding to prothrombin fragment 1 and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides via 25Mg NMR.

The binding of magnesium ions to two tripeptides, $\text{L}$-Arg-$\text{D}$-Gla-$\text{D}$-Gla-OMe and Z-$\text{L}$-Arg(NO₂)-$\text{D}$-Gla-$\text{D}$-Gla-OMe, and to bovine prothrombin fragment 1 as a function of pH has been monitored by ²⁵Mg NMR spectroscopy. Binding to the tripeptide was dependent on peptide ionizations occurring at pH 4.6 – 4.8. The pH dependence of magnesium ion binding to fragment 1 reveals two inflection points 4.2 may be attributed to the deprotonation of the third side chain carboxylic acid group of the double γ-carboxyglutamic acid sequence. The origin of the increased binding of magnesium ions to fragment 1 at pH values above 7 is unknown.     

Counter transport of glutamine and choline in cultures of human glioma cells.

Tritiated glutamine and choline were released from human glioma cells in culture when incubated in permeant-free solution. Counter transport experiments revealed that the two neurotransmitter precursors were taken up and released by facilitated diffussion transport systems. It is suggested that glial cells $\text{in}\text{vivo}$ can provide neurons with glutamine and choline for transmitter synthesis via such systems.     

Taste receptor activity and feeding behaviour reveal mechanisms of white spruce natural resistance to Eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana

The pattern of feeding of Eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is compared on foliage from white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (Pinaceae) trees previously determined to be susceptible and resistant to defoliation by budworm. No differences are observed in electrophysiological responses from taste sensilla to aqueous extracts of the two foliage types, nor is there a preference for either extract type in a choice test. Acetone extracts from the two foliage types are both preferred to a control sucrose solution, although neither elicits a preference relative to the other. These results suggest that there is no difference in phagostimulatory power of internal leaf contents of the two foliage types. Longer‐term observation of feeding behaviour in a no‐choice situation shows no difference in meal duration, confirming the lack of difference in phagostimulatory power. However, on average, intermeal intervals are twice as long on the resistant foliage, leading to an overall lower food consumption during the assay. This result suggests an anti‐digestive or toxic effect of the resistant foliage that slows behaviour and limits food intake. Previous research has shown that waxes of the resistant foliage deter initiation of feeding by the spruce budworm and that this foliage contains higher levels of tannins and monoterpenes. The data suggest that the resistant foliage contains a post‐ingestive second line of defence against the spruce budworm.     

The structure of 180° supernumerary limbs and a hypothesis of their formation

The results of a detailed analysis of 100 supernumerary limbs generated by 180° ipsilateral rotation (on the same limb stump) of regeneration blastemas is presented. The limbs were analyzed in terms of their position of origin, frequency, cartilage structure by Victoria blue staining, and muscle structure by serial sections. Single, double, or triple supernumeraries can be produced at no unique position of origin, although the posterodorsal quadrant was preferred. Four classes of supernumerary limbs were generated by such operations—normal; double dorsal or double ventral; part normal/part mirror imaged; part normal/part inverted in approximately equal frequencies. After amputation of these supernumeraries the same muscle patterns are faithfully regenerated. A hypothesis to explain the production of these abnormal limbs is proposed based on the observed phenomenon of fusion of supernumerary blastemata, but their regenerative behaviour presents problems for current models of pattern formation. Similar results have been obtained with developing limb buds and the relation between development and regeneration is discussed.     

On the Assessment of the Performance of Multiple Test Procedures

Based on the concept of the multiple level of significance two criteria for assessing the performance of multiple tests are proposed: The simultaneous power is defined as the probability of rejecting all false null hypotheses. The probability of a correct decision is defined as the probability of correctly rejecting all false null hypotheses and accepting all true ones. Both criteria are discussed for nonstagewise and stagewise procedures in case of independent test statistics. For the example of 5 independently and normally distributed test statistics the values of the two criteria are calcutated under reasonably simple alternatives.